Impact Analysis of Covid-19
The complete version of the REPORT will include the impact of the COVID-19, and anticipated change on the future outlook of the industry, by taking into the account the political, economic, social, and technological parameters.
Summary
The global Porphyrias Drugs Market is expected to witness a CAGR of xx% over the forecast period 2020-2026 and is expected to reach US$ xx million in 2026, from US$ xx million in 2019.
Overview:
Porphyria refers to a group of disorders that arise from a buildup of natural chemicals that produce porphyrin (essential for hemoglobin function) in the body. Acute porphyria affects the abdomen and nervous system, while cutaneous porphyria affects the skin. Some porphyrias such as congenital erythropoietic porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, and erythropoietic protoporphyria occur when a person receives two abnormal genes, one from each parent. The global porphyrias drugs market is divided into six regions, such as North America, South America, Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
Drivers:
The ncreasing prevalence of porphyria is expected to drive the growth of the global porphyrias drugs market during the forecast period. Acute porphyria affects around 1 to 2 individuals per 100,000, according to the American Porphyria Foundation. The increasing incidences of the metabolic disorders, urinary tract issues, and gastrointestinal issues are also expected to fuel the market growth. Moreover, increasing government support and increasing research and development activities are expected to propel the global porphyrias drugs market growth.
Restraint:
High treatment cost and the poor reimbursement facilities in the developing regions is expected to hamper the global porphyrias drugs market growth.
Regional Insights:
North America and Europe are expected to witness substantial growth in the global porphyrias drugs market due the increasing research and development activities and new product launches in these regions. For instance, in November 2018, Alnylam presented updated Phase 1/2 results for Givosiran, an investigational RNAi therapeutic for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyrias.
Competitive Section:
Key players operating in the global porphyrias drugs market are Apotex, Teva Pharmaceutical, Recordati Rare Diseases, Lundbeck, Sysmex Corporation, ARKRAY, Siemens, Hoffmann-La Roche, Dahaner, Bio-Rad Laboratories, and ACON Laboratories.
In April 2018, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals presented Phase 1 and Phase 1/2 results for Givosiran, an investigational RNAi therapeutic for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyrias.
The Porphyrias Drugs Market report highlights product development and growth strategies such as merger and acquisition adopted by market players along with SWOT Analysis, PEST and Porter’s Five Forces analyses of the Porphyrias Drugs Market, which highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and commination of key companies. Moreover, the report offers two distinct market forecasts, one from the perspective of the producer and another from that of the consumer.
The various contributors involved in the value chain of the product include manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, intermediaries, and customers.
The Key Manufacturers covered in this Report:-
- Lundbeck
- Recordati Rare Diseases
- Teva Pharmaceutical
- Apotex
- ...
By the Product Type, the market is primarily segmented into:
By Applications, the market is segmented into:
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Retail Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
The Report covers the following Regions:
- North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- India
- Australia
- Indonesia
- Thailand
- Malaysia
- Philippines
- Vietnam
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- UK
- Italy
- Russia
- Central & South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- GCC Countries
- Egypt
- South Africa
Objective of the Porphyrias Drugs Market Report:
- To assess the size of the market by value and volume
- Analyze the Porphyrias Drugs Market in terms of regions and major countries
- Highlight recent developments and trends in the market
- Offer perceptive data regarding major market players in terms of key developments, strategies, and product portfolio
- Determine share of the Porphyrias Drugs Market in terms of various segments such as by product type, application, and end-user
- Offer accurate projection of the market for the forecast period using state-of –the-art tools and the current primary and secondary research approaches
- Discuss major factors that impact growth of the Porphyrias Drugs Market
The Porphyrias Drugs Market engages the readers with all pivotal approaches to understand their position in the industry based on revenue or sales growth. The report efficiently evaluates the Porphyrias Drugs Market from various dimensions to deliver an end-product that is informative, elaborate, and accurate and includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competition in the market. The information in the report is backed by annual company reports, financial reports, press releases, regulatory databases, government documents, and statistical databases.
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2019 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders:
- Material suppliers/wholesalers
- Market Distributors/traders
- Regulatory bodies
- Research organizations, and consulting firms
- Commercial research & developments (R&D)
- Trade associations and industry bodies
- Importers and exporters
- End-use industries
Available Customizations:
Custom research is one of the most crucial components of the business strategy that helps an organization gain insight into specific business sector, aligned with its specific area of interest. Thus, SMI offers more accurate, pragmatic, and actionable information specifically tailored to suit your business needs.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Porphyrias Drugs Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Porphyrias Drugs
1.2 Porphyrias Drugs Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Oral
1.2.3 Injectable
1.3 Porphyrias Drugs Segment by Application
1.3.1 Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Comparison by Application (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Hospital Pharmacies
1.3.3 Retail Pharmacies
1.3.4 Online Pharmacies
1.4 Global Porphyrias Drugs Market by Region
1.4.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Market Size Region
1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.5 Global Porphyrias Drugs Market Size
1.5.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (2014-2025)
1.5.2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (2014-2025)
2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.3 Global Porphyrias Drugs Average Price by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.4 Manufacturers Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.5 Porphyrias Drugs Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Porphyrias Drugs Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 Porphyrias Drugs Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Regions
3.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Regions
3.2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
3.3 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.4 North America Porphyrias Drugs Production
3.4.1 North America Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.4.2 North America Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.5 Europe Porphyrias Drugs Production
3.5.1 Europe Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.5.2 Europe Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.6 China Porphyrias Drugs Production (2014-2019)
3.6.1 China Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.6.2 China Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.7 Japan Porphyrias Drugs Production (2014-2019)
3.7.1 Japan Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.7.2 Japan Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
4 Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption by Regions
4.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption by Regions
4.2 North America Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (2014-2019)
4.4 China Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (2014-2019)
4.5 Japan Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (2014-2019)
5 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.3 Global Porphyrias Drugs Price by Type (2014-2019)
5.4 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth by Type (2014-2019)
6 Global Porphyrias Drugs Market Analysis by Applications
6.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
6.2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Porphyrias Drugs Business
7.1 Lundbeck
7.1.1 Lundbeck Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
7.1.2 Porphyrias Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.1.3 Lundbeck Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.2 Recordati Rare Diseases
7.2.1 Recordati Rare Diseases Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
7.2.2 Porphyrias Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.2.3 Recordati Rare Diseases Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.3 Teva Pharmaceutical
7.3.1 Teva Pharmaceutical Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
7.3.2 Porphyrias Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.3.3 Teva Pharmaceutical Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.4 Apotex
7.4.1 Apotex Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
7.4.2 Porphyrias Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.4.3 Apotex Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8 Porphyrias Drugs Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Porphyrias Drugs Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Porphyrias Drugs
8.4 Porphyrias Drugs Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.2 Porphyrias Drugs Distributors List
9.3 Porphyrias Drugs Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Trends
10.2 Opportunities
10.3 Market Drivers
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Influence Factors
11 Global Porphyrias Drugs Market Forecast
11.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue Forecast
11.1.1 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.3 Global Porphyrias Drugs Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.2.1 North America Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.2 Europe Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.3 China Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.4 Japan Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3 Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.3.1 North America Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.2 Europe Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.3 China Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.4 Japan Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.4 Global Porphyrias Drugs Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
11.5 Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Table
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Porphyrias Drugs
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Oral Product Picture
Table Oral Major Manufacturers
Figure Injectable Product Picture
Table Injectable Major Manufacturers
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Hospital Pharmacies
Figure Retail Pharmacies
Figure Online Pharmacies
Table Porphyrias Drugs Market Size (Million US$) Comparison by Regions (2014-2025)
Figure North America Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Porphyrias Drugs Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Market Porphyrias Drugs Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Market Porphyrias Drugs Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2018
Table Manufacturers Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Manufacturers Porphyrias Drugs Product Types
Figure Porphyrias Drugs Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Figure Porphyrias Drugs Market Share of Top 10 Manufacturers
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure North America Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North America Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Europe Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure China Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table China Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Japan Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure North America Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Europe Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Porphyrias Drugs by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Porphyrias Drugs by Type in 2018
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Share of Porphyrias Drugs by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Porphyrias Drugs by Type in 2018
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Applications (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Table Lundbeck Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Lundbeck Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Lundbeck Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Lundbeck Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Lundbeck Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Lundbeck Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Lundbeck Main Business and Markets Served
Table Recordati Rare Diseases Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Recordati Rare Diseases Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Recordati Rare Diseases Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Recordati Rare Diseases Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Recordati Rare Diseases Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Recordati Rare Diseases Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Recordati Rare Diseases Main Business and Markets Served
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Teva Pharmaceutical Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Teva Pharmaceutical Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Teva Pharmaceutical Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Main Business and Markets Served
Table Apotex Porphyrias Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Apotex Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Apotex Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Apotex Porphyrias Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Apotex Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Apotex Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Apotex Main Business and Markets Served
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Porphyrias Drugs
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Porphyrias Drugs
Figure Porphyrias Drugs Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Porphyrias Drugs Distributors List
Table Porphyrias Drugs Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure North America Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure North America Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure North America Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Price (USD/Unit) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Porphyrias Drugs Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
